[A cross-sectional survey and analysis of influencing factors on the occurrence of post-burn psychological stress disorder in preschool children].

Objective: To explore the occurrence and influencing factors of post-burn psychological stress disorder in preschool children. Methods: This study was a multi-center cross-sectional survey. From January 2022 to February 2023, 85 preschool children (aged 1 to 6 years) with burns admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong Central Hospital, Suining Central Hospital, Guang'an People's Hospital, and Guangyuan Central Hospital who met the inclusion criteria were selected as respondents. A self-made general information questionnaire was used to investigate the children's general data including gender, age group, residential area, main caregiver and their education level, and family type, as well as the injury condition including cause of injury and burn severity. The Child Stress Disorders Checklist was used to investigate the occurrence of psychological stress disorder in children at 3 days to 1 month after injury, and the incidence rate was calculated. The children were classified according to their general data and injury condition, and the occurrence of psychological stress disorder in children at 3 days to 1 month after injury was recorded, and the influencing factors for post-burn psychological stress disorder in preschool children were screened. Results: A total of 85 questionnaires were distributed and 85 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 100%. Among the children, there were 45 boys and 40 girls, with most children aged 1 to 3 years. There were slightly more children in rural areas than in cities. About half of the children were mainly cared for by their parents and grandparents, respectively, and the education level of the main caregivers was mainly high school/technical secondary school. The family type was mainly core family and extended family. The main cause of injury was hydrothermal scald, and the severity of burns was mainly moderate. The incidence rate of psychological stress disorder in this group of children at 3 days to 1 month after injury was 34.12% (29/85). There were statistically significant differences in the occurrence of psychological stress disorder in children with different age groups, causes of injuries, and burn severity at 3 days to 1 month after injury (with χ2 values​​of 9.18, 7.80, and 25.47, respectively, P<0.05); there were no statistically significant differences in the occurrence of psychological stress disorder in children with different genders, residential area, main caregivers, main caregivers' education levels, or family types at 3 days to 1 month after injury (P>0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age group and burn severity were independent influencing factors for the occurrence of psychological stress disorder in preschool children after burns (with odds ratios of 8.21 and 33.99, respectively, and 95% confidence intervals of 1.57-43.04 and 5.55-207.93, respectively, P<0.05), the older the child and the more severe the burn, the higher the possibility of the occurrence of psychological stress disorder. Conclusions: The incidence rate of psychological stress disorder is high in preschool children after burns. Age group and burn severity are independent influencing factors for the occurrence of post-burn psychological stress disorder in this type of children.

A wellbeing program to promote mental health in paediatric burn patients: Study protocol.

BACKGROUND: One of the most traumatic injuries a child can experience is a severe burn. Despite improvements in medical treatments which have led to better physical outcomes and reduced mortality rates for paediatric burns patients, the psychological impact associated with experiencing such a traumatic injury has mostly been overlooked. This is concerning given the high incidence of psychopathology amongst paediatric burn survivors. OBJECTIVES: This project will aim to pilot test and evaluate a co-designed trauma-focused intervention to support resilience and promote positive mental health in children and adolescents who have sustained an acute burn injury. Our first objective is to collect pilot data to evaluate the efficacy of the intervention and to inform the design of future trauma-focussed interventions. Our second objective is to collect pilot data to determine the appropriateness of the developed intervention by investigating the changes in mental health indicators pre- and post-intervention. This will inform the design of future interventions. METHODS: This pilot intervention study will recruit 40 children aged between 6-17 years who have sustained an acute burn injury and their respective caregivers. These participants will have attended the Stan Perron Centre of Excellence for Childhood Burns at Perth Children's Hospital. Participants will attend a 45-minute weekly or fortnightly session for six weeks that involves building skills around information gathering, managing reactions (behaviours and thoughts), identifying, and bolstering coping skills, problem solving and preventing setbacks. The potential effects and feasibility of our intervention will be assessed through a range of age-appropriate screening measures which will assess social behaviours, personal qualities, mental health and/or resilience. Assessments will be administered at baseline, immediately post-intervention, at 6- and 12-months post-intervention. CONCLUSION: The results of this study will lay the foundation for an evidence-based, trauma-informed approach to clinical care for paediatric burn survivors and their families in Western Australia. This will have important implications for the design of future support offered to children with and beyond burn injuries, and other medical trauma populations.

Predictors at 6 and 12 Months for Social Participation Outcome at 24 Months in the Adult Burn Injury Population: A Burn Model System National Database Study.

OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical factors (physical and psychological symptoms and post-traumatic growth) that predict social participation outcome at 24-month after burn injury. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study based on Burn Model System National Database. SETTING: Burn Model System centers. PARTICIPANTS: 181 adult participants less than 2 years after burn injury (N=181). INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic and injury variables were collected at discharge. Predictor variables were assessed at 6 and 12 months: Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory Short Form (PTGI-SF), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Civilian Version (PCL-C), Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) Depression, Anxiety, Sleep Disturbance, Fatigue, and Pain Interference short forms, and self-reported Heat Intolerance. Social participation was measured at 24 months using the Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation (LIBRE) Social Interactions and Social Activities short forms. RESULTS: Linear and multivariable regression models were used to examine predictor variables for social participation outcomes, controlling for demographic and injury variables. For LIBRE Social Interactions, significant predictors included the PCL-C total score at 6 months (ß=-0.27, P<.001) and 12 months (ß=-0.39, P<.001), and PROMIS-29 Pain Interference at 6 months (ß=-0.20, P<.01). For LIBRE Social Activities, significant predictors consisted of the PROMIS-29 Depression at 6 months (ß=-0.37, P<.001) and 12 months (ß=-0.37, P<.001), PROMIS-29 Pain Interference at 6 months (ß=-0.40, P<.001) and 12 months (ß=-0.37, P<.001), and Heat Intolerance at 12 months (ß=-4.55, P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Post-traumatic stress and pain predicted social interactions outcomes, while depression, pain and heat intolerance predicted social activities outcomes in people with burn injury.

Development of the Preschool Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation (PS-LIBRE1-5) Profile.

Physical, social, and psychological outcomes have been identified as relevant to the rehabilitation process of children with burn injuries. Existing legacy measures are limited in item content and only cover a few constructs. Condition-specific outcomes are highly relevant to gauge early growth and development. Computerized adaptive tests (CATs) leveraging advanced psychometric technologies minimize respondent burden. This project developed PS-LIBRE1-5 Profile CAT (Preschool Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation) to measure relevant postburn outcomes in children aged one to five. Responses to the field-tested PS-LIBRE1-5 Profile (188 items) were measured on a scale of frequency or ability. Scores were coded from 0 to 4 where higher scores reflected better functioning. Factor analysis identified the items retained in the final item bank of each scale. CAT simulations were conducted to estimate the mean score of each scale. The simulated CAT score and full item bank scores were compared based upon the score range, ceiling and floor effects, and marginal reliabilities. The child mean age was 3.0 ± 1.5 years (n = 500). Average burn size and time since burn injury were 4.2% TBSA and 1.1 years, respectively. Psychometric analysis resulted in eight scales: Physical, Communication and Language, Emotional Wellbeing, Mood, Anxiety, Peer Acceptance, Play, and Peer Relations. Ceiling effects were acceptable at <13% for all scales. Marginal reliabilities of the CATs were credible. The PS-LIBRE1-5 Profile CAT contains 111 items, and is a comprehensive measure that captures physical, communication and language, psychological, and social functioning of preschool burn survivors.

Working Towards Holistic Scar Assessment and Improved Shared Decision Making in Global Burn Care.

Cutaneous burn scars impact various aspects of life. Scar treatment is mainly evaluated on scar characteristics. Consensus is needed on which other outcomes to capture, ensuring they are relevant to patients, clinicians, and researchers. The aim of this study was to identify, discuss and analyze outcomes related to cutaneous burn scarring, incorporating the voice of patients and views of healthcare professionals. For this, a Delphi process consisting of two survey rounds and a consensus meeting was initiated. Burn scar-related outcomes were identified from an existing comprehensive list of 100 outcomes by an international panel of patients, healthcare professionals and researchers. Fifty-nine outcomes were identified from the Delphi process as related to scarring (≥60% votes). Outcomes less impactful in relation to scar outcomes included psychosocial issues, sense of normality, understanding of treatment, costs and systemic issues. To represent a holistic assessment of outcomes related to cutaneous burn scarring, this Delphi process established a battery of outcomes currently included in scar quality assessment tools, and an expanded set of less frequently considered outcomes. Future work in this area must include the patient voice from developing countries. This is essential to identify globally applicable outcomes related to scarring.

"It's a big trauma for the family": A qualitative insight into the psychological trauma of paediatric burns from the perspective of mothers.

BACKGROUND: Despite the medical and surgical improvements of paediatric burn injuries, burn injuries can be a painful and traumatic experience for the child and their family. It is therefore important to explore the experiences of caregivers who support their child throughout the burn journey. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the traumatic nature of paediatric burns on the family from a caregiver's perspective. METHODS: This study used a descriptive qualitative approach to conduct online semi-structured interviews with caregivers (18 years and older) of children (aged four to 17 years) that had previously been admitted with an unintentional acute burn injury to a paediatric burns unit in Western Australia. Interviews explored the child's and caregiver's experiences throughout the burn journey from the perspective of the caregiver and were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analysed using Braun and Clarke's six stages of reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Eleven mothers participated in the interviews and identified a range of poor psychological and psychosocial outcomes that themselves and their child experienced. Three overarching themes were elaborated from the interviews: Child and caregiver mental health difficulties during and after the burn (including medical trauma, mental health outcomes and caregiver guilt); Lifestyle and physical changes following the burn (including disruptions to routine, appearance concerns and puberty); and factors supporting or inhibiting the recovery journey (including personality factors, coping strategies, family dynamics and support). FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: This study has presented the difficulties that children, young people, and their family face throughout a paediatric burn injury, which makes the implementation of timely and effective family centred interventions imperative. Meeting the needs and supporting these families with their mental health throughout this traumatic recovery journey, can ensure positive psychosocial outcomes and adaptive coping strategies are adopted early on.

Las redes sociales: nuevos desafíos en el tratamiento del niño quemado / Social media: new challenges in pediatric burn treatment

Introducción y objetivo: El uso de las redes sociales está ampliamente difundido en los adolescentes y es sin duda una de las formas más comunes de vinculación social con sus pares. La información e imágenes utilizadas para construir el perfil se seleccionan para favorecer lo que se quiere mostrar de cada uno. Las secuelas estéticas del paciente quemado tradicionalmente han sido motivo de preocupación para el cirujano plástico. El amplio uso de las redes sociales ha aumentado notablemente la exposición física, por lo tanto, nos preguntamos cómo influyen las secuelas visibles de las quemaduras en esta forma de relación entre adolescentes. Material y método: Identificamos los niños quemados asistidos en el centro de referencia para el tratamiento de quemaduras pediátricas de Uruguay (UNIQUER) entre 2015 y 2022 con lesiones de gravedad funcional o vital. Seleccionamos aquellos que en el momento de realizar este estudio tuvieran 10 o más años de edad. Confeccionamos un cuestionario digital (Google Forms) que enviamos por mensajería instantánea (Whatsapp) previa autorización de un adulto responsable, y analizamos los datos recuperados. Resultados: Reunimos 51 pacientes que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, de los cuales logramos contactar con 32 y obtuvimos 22 respuestas al cuestionario, con edades entre 10 y 19 años. Todos presentaban cicatrices: 9 en cara o cuello (40.9%) y 9 en manos (40.9 %); el resto en zonas menos visibles. De ellos, 17 (77.3 %) requirieron autoinjertos en el episodio agudo y 7 (31.8%) cirugías para tratamiento de secuelas.Encontramos 21 niños (95.4%) que utilizaban al menos una red social. En orden decreciente de frecuencia, la más utilizada era Whatsapp (17, 81%), Tik Tok (13, 61.9%), Instagram (9, 42.9%), Facebook (5, 23.8%), Twitter (3, 14.3%) y otra (3, 14.3%). Además, 18 niños (85.7%) no posteaban fotos con sus cicatrices y 5 (23.8%) utilizaban efectos siempre o algunas veces para disimular sus cicatrices en redes...(AU)

Background and objective: Social media is widely used by teenagers, in fact, it represents one of the main means of communication between them. The images used to construct a profile are specially selected in order to show only what they want to share about themselves. Aesthetic sequelae after burns have traditionally been a concern for reconstructive surgeons. We would like to find out if visible sequelae influence the way these patients interact with social media given the vast physical exposure that they include. Methods: Burned children with severe vital o functional injuries treated between 2015 and 2022 in the national reference center for pediatric burn treatment in Uruguay (UNIQUER) were identified. Those aged 10 or above were selected. We designed a digi-tal form (Google Forms) that was sent by instant messaging (Whatsapp) to the selected population with an adult previous authorization and we analyzed the collected data. Results: Fifty-one patients met the inclusion criteria, we contacted 32 and obtained 22 responses to the questionnaire; patients aged between 10 and 19 years. All had scars: 9 in face or neck (40.9%) and 9 in hands (40.9 %). The rest of the scars were in less visible places. Of them, 17 (77.3%) required autografts in the acute episode and 7 (31.8%) required surgeries to treat sequelae. We found 21 children (95.4%) who used at least one social network.The most used was Whatsapp (17,81%), Tik Tok (13,61.9%), Instagram (9,42.9%), Facebook (5,23.8%), Twitter (3,14.3%) and other (3,14.3%). Furthermore, 18 children (85.7%) do not post photos with their scars and 5 (23.8%) always or sometimes used effects to hide their scars on social networks. Of the total, 12 patients (54.5%) reported having felt discrimination because of their scars and 9 (40.9%) had been victims of bullying; 14 (63.6%) would be interested in participating in campaigns to prevent discrimination against people with scars...(AU)

[Research advances on the application of music therapy in pain management of children with burns].

Pain after burns is a very common problem in children. Severe pain will not only hinder treatment, but also damage children's mental health if not handled in time. Therefore, pain management is very important in treating children with burns. As a safe, effective, and convenient non-drug therapy, music therapy has great advantages in relieving pain and is widely used in a variety of clinical fields. This paper focused on music therapy and its mechanism of pain relief, the current status of research on pain management of pediatric burns, the application and prospect of music therapy in pain management of pediatric burns, etc., to provide reference for clinical application.

Inpatient Rehabilitation Following Burn Injury.

Inpatient rehabilitation confers excellent benefit to burn survivors and should be considered as a potential destination during discharge planning. Consulting physiatrists identify and manage complications within the inpatient rehabilitation setting. Interventions can be taken to address medical sequelae of injury, including pain, itch, neuropathy, psychological coping and mood, and nutritional needs. Physiatrists also oversee and direct a rehabilitation program focusing on scar management, contracture prevention, dysphagia treatment, and evaluation and treatment of cognitive impairments. Aerobic and resistive exercise are key components of an inpatient rehabilitation program to reduce the systemic impact of a burn injury and improve quality of life.

Psychological Issues.

Psychological distress is common following a burn injury, and many burn survivors have pre-morbid psychiatric illnesses including mood and trauma-related disorders, and substance and alcohol use. This article is intended to be used by all interdisciplinary health care team members to improve the identification and treatment of common psychological concerns experienced by survivors and is organized to follow the general recovery timeline.

Burns in the context of a shared psychotic disorder in a Colombian referral centre: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Shared paranoid disorder is characterised by the development of psychotic symptoms in people who have a close affective bond with a subject suffering from a mental disorder. This case is the first case of burn injuries reported in the context of this disorder. CASE: We describe a young couple, with a similar pattern of burns caused by contact with a griddle. The injuries are the result of the aggression caused by a relative of one of them, who presented psychotic symptoms, related to the previously undiagnosed spectrum of schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of this condition encompasses social, physical and psychological components, requiring multidisciplinary management and a high index of diagnostic suspicion.

The epidemiology of self-immolation in Iraq: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Self-immolation is one of the most brutal suicide methods and is a significant social and medical problem throughout the world. Self-immolation is more common in low-income countries than in high-income countries. AIM: The aim is to evaluate the trends in self-immolation and examine its frequency in Iraq. METHODS: The PRISMA guideline was used to conduct this systematic review study. We searched for publications in English, Arabic and Kurdish in PubMed and Google Scholar. A total of 105 publications were identified through the search; however, 92 were eliminated due to duplication and irrelevant content. Finally, 13 full articles were included for data extraction. The inclusion criteria were articles that investigated self-immolation. However, letters to editors and media reports on self-immolation were excluded. The retrieved studies were selected, reviewed and then quality assessed. RESULTS: This study included 13 articles. According to the findings, self-immolation accounted for 26.38% of all burn admissions in the Iraqi provinces and the Kurdistan region, with 16.02% of those occurring in the middle and southern provinces of Iraq and 36.75% in the Kurdistan region. It is more common in women than in men, especially among young, married, illiterate, or poorly educated people. Sulaymaniyah had a higher percentage of self-immolation than other governorates in Iraq, accounting for 38.3% of burn admissions. Cultural and social norms, domestic violence, mental health problems, family conflicts and financial problems were identified as the most common causes of self-immolation. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of self-immolation is high among the Iraqi population, compared to other countries, particularly among the Kurdish population and in Sulaymaniyah. Self-immolation is relatively common among women. There are sociocultural factors that could contribute to this problem. Families must be restricted from having easy access to kerosene, and high-risk individuals should have access to psychological consultation to reduce the risk of self-immolation.

Self-immolation in the Arab world: A systematic review.

Self-immolation is the act of setting fire to oneself. Recent spikes in self-immolation events have been noticed in the Arab world, specifically in the aftermath of the Arab Spring in 2011. We aimed to examine the literature assessing the characteristics and patterns of suicide by self-immolation in the Arab world. We registered our systematic review in Prospero. We searched PubMed, Medline, PsycInfo, Embase, and Scopus databases from inception until 9 July 2022, along with other sources, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We collected relevant articles tackling suicide by self-immolation in the Arab world via title and abstract screening followed by full-text screening. We then conducted a narrative synthesis of the results. Out of 326 records from databases and 17 additional records identified through other sources, 31 articles (27 quantitative and 4 qualitative) were included. The studies came from Iraq (n = 16), Tunisia (n = 6), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (n = 3), Jordan (n = 2), Libya (n = 2), Bahrain (n = 1), and Egypt (n = 1). The quantitative studies had a sample size ranging from 22 to 600 self-inflicted burn victims. Studies showed that self-immolators were mostly married women with low educational level and low socioeconomic status. Self-immolation was more likely to happen at home, usually following marital conflicts. Kerosene was the accelerant used the most. Depression was the most comorbid mental health diagnosis. Studies highlighted that self-immolation was being increasignly used as a form of protest. Self-immolation is not uncommon in the Arab world. Specific interventions directed at the population at risk are warranted.

Long-Term Outcomes in Burn Patients.

Better understanding of long-term outcomes after burn injury is essential for the burn clinician. Contractures are present in almost half of patients at discharge. Although less common, neuropathy and heterotopic ossification may be missed or go unaddressed. Close attention to psychological distress and to challenges with community reentry is essential. Obviously long-term problems with skin issues occur but other issues must be attended to maximize health and quality of life after injury. Facilitating access to community resources and providing long-term medical follow-up should be the standard of care.

Codesigning informative resources for families of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children who sustained a burn injury: a protocol for a participatory action research study.

INTRODUCTION: Parents of children hospitalised in a burn unit experience psychological trauma and later post-traumatic stress. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander families whose child has been admitted to a burn unit encounter additional burdens through a culturally unsafe healthcare system. Psychosocial interventions can help reduce anxiety, distress and trauma among children and parents. There remains a lack of interventions or resources that reflect Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people's perspective of health. The objective of this study is to codevelop a culturally appropriate informative resource to assist Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander parents whose child has been hospitalised in a burn unit. METHODS: In this participatory research study, the development of a culturally safe resource will build on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander families' experiences and voices, complemented by the knowledge and expertise of an Aboriginal Health Worker (AHW) and burn care experts. Data will be collected through recorded yarning sessions with families whose child has been admitted to a burn unit, the AHW and burn care experts. Audiotapes will be transcribed and data will be analysed thematically. Analysis of yarning sessions and resource development will follow a cyclical approach. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has been approved by the Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council (AH&MRC) (1690/20) and the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network ethics committee (2020/ETH02103). Findings will be reported to all participants and will be disseminated with the broader community, the funding body and health workers at the hospital. Dissemination with the academic community will be through peer-reviewed publications and presentations in relevant conferences.

O sofrimento, a depressão e o impacto na autoimagem em indivíduos com queimaduras / Suffering, depression, and the impact on self-image in individuals with burns

Fundamentos: Indivíduos com queimaduras sofrem com autoestima e depressão. Objetivo: Analisarpercepção dos participantes quanto ao sofrimento ocasionado pela queimadura, sintomatologia depressiva e interferência na autoimagem e relacionamento interpessoal. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, longitudinal, descritivo, com 36 participantes atendidos em centro de referência a queimados de hospital escola do Sul do Brasil. Realizada entrevista semiestruturada, dados tratados pela Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: Emergiu categoria sobre o sofrimento causado pela queimadura e impacto na autoimagem com três unidades temáticas. Dados apontam participantes insatisfeitos com autoimagem, desenvolveram sintomatologia depressiva em resposta às dificuldades que queimadura acarretou na vida de relação; apoio familiar foi decisivo ao enfrentamento da nova condição, relações afetivas foram resgatadas a beneficiar a recuperação.Conclusão e implicações para prática: Percepção dos participantes para autoimagem prejudicada associada a autoestima diminuída e sintomatologia depressiva, prejuízo para o relacionamento interpessoale apontam a importância da família no processo de recuperação e fortalecimento dos laços familiares durante e após tratamento da queimadura (AU).

Introduction: Individuals with burns suffer from self-esteem and depression. Objective: Analyze the participants' perception of the suffering caused by the burn, depressive symptoms, and interference in self-image and interpersonal relationships. Methods: Qualitative, longitudinal, descriptive study, with 36 participants seen at a reference center of care to burn people in a teaching hospital in southern Brazil. A semi-structured interview was conducted, and data were processed through Content Analysis. Results: The category about the suffering caused by the burn, and its impact on self-image emerged with three thematic units. Data suggest that participants dissatisfied with a self-image developed depressive symptoms in response to the difficulties that the burn caused in the life of a relationship; family support was decisive in coping with the new condition; affective links were rescued, benefiting the recovery.Conclusion and implications for practice: Participants' self-image perception damaged and associated with decreased self-esteem and depressive symptoms, impairment for the interpersonal relationship, and pointing out the importance of the family in the process of recovery and strengthening of family bonds during and after treatment of the burn (AU).

Fundamentos: Las personas con quemaduras sufren de autoestima y depresión. Objetivo: Analisar la percepción de los participantes sobre el sufrimiento causado por la quemadura, sintomatología depresiva y su interferencia en auto imagen e en el relacionamiento interpersonal. Métodos: estudio cualitativo, d longitudinal, descriptivo, con 36 participantes atendidos en un centro de quemados de un hospital universitario del sur de Brasil. Se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada, los datos fueron tratados por Análisis de Contenido. Resultados: La categoría sobre el sufrimiento provocado por la quemadura y el impacto en la autoimagen surgió con tres unidades temáticas. Los datos indican que los participantes insatisfechos con la imagen de sí mismos, desarrollaron síntomas depresivos en respuesta a las dificultades que la quemadura les causó en la vida de pareja; El apoyo familiar fue determinante para afrontar la nueva condición, se rescataron las relaciones afectivas en beneficio de la recuperación. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica: La percepción de los participantes de la autoimagen deteriorada asociada a disminución de la autoestima y síntomas depresivos, deterioro para el relacionamiento interpersonal y señalan la importancia de la familia en el proceso de recuperación y fortalecimiento de los lazos familiares durante y después. tratamiento de la quemadura (AU).

Virtual Reality as Pain Relief in Burn Care: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial on the Effectiveness on Pain During Multiple Dressing Changes.

This pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Virtual Reality (VR)-distraction on pain during multiple Wound Dressing Changes (WDCs). Furthermore, associations between demographic, clinical, and psychological factors and pain during WDC were determined. Participants were randomized to either the VR-condition or Care As Usual (CAU)-condition. Both groups received standard wound care and pain medication. The VR-group additionally received VR-distraction. The primary outcome measure was pain intensity (VAT 0-10). Secondary outcome measures were pain medication (Fentanyl spray and/or Piritramide) and satisfaction with WDC (VAT 0-10). Only 38 patients (VR-group: n = 21; CAU-group: n = 17) of the 128 intended patients were included during the study period due to several limitations (strict exclusion criteria and restrictions of the VR-equipment). No significant differences were found between both groups on pain intensity and medication. Both groups were also equally satisfied with WDC. Age showed a significant negative correlation with pain during WDC. In view of the small sample size, this study has restricted power and should be considered a pilot. Nevertheless, a RCT with between-subjects design across multiple WDCs was feasible and, given the speed of VR-developments, we expect larger, better powered RCTs to be possible in the near future, for which our experiences and recommendations are relevant.

Exploring what is important during burn recovery: a qualitative study investigating priorities of patients and healthcare professionals over time.

OBJECTIVES: This qualitative study aimed to investigate: (1) priorities of patients and healthcare professionals during recovery from a burn injury, (2) how priorities change over time and (3) how priorities map to outcomes currently reported in burns research. DESIGN: Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically. SETTING, PARTICIPANTS: A total of 53 patients and healthcare professionals were recruited from four National Health Service (NHS) burn services across England and Wales across England and Wales. Patient participants (n=32) included adults, adolescents and parents of paediatric patients, with a variety of burn injuries in terms of severity and cause of burn injury. Healthcare professionals (n=21) were NHS staff members involved in burn care and included professionals with a range of clinical experience and roles (eg, nurses, surgeons, occupational therapists, physiotherapist, administration). RESULTS: Ten themes relating to priorities (outcomes) during recovery from a burn injury were identified for patients and professionals. Of those, six were identified for patients and professionals ('pain and discomfort', 'psychological well-being', 'healing', 'scarring', 'function', 'infection'), three were unique to professionals ('patient knowledge, understanding and support', 'sense of control', 'survival') and one was unique to patients ('uncertainty'). Results highlighted that importance of these priorities changes over time (eg, 'survival' was only a concern in the short term). Likewise, priorities differed between patients and professionals (eg, 'pain' was important to patients throughout their recovery, but not for professionals). Seven out of 10 themes overlapped with outcomes commonly assessed in burn research. CONCLUSION: Professionals' and patients' priorities (important outcomes) change over time after burn injury and differ between those groups. Burn care research should consider measuring outcomes at different time points during the recovery from a burn injury to accurately reflect complexity of burn recovery.